Publication Category: Law Review Articles

DAVID A. HARRIS, PROFILES OF INJUSTICE: WHY POLICE PROFILING CANNOT WORK 13 (2002). DR. JOHN C. LAMBERTH, DATA COLLECTION AND BENCHMARKING OF THE BIAS POLICING PROJECT: FINAL REPORT FOR THE METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPARTMENT IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 7 (Sept. 2006), available at http://www.lamberthconsulting.com/downloads. 7. See supra note 5, at 51 (citing the President‘s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice). 8. DR. JOHN C. LAMBERTH, SAN ANTONIO REPORT: RACIAL PROFILING DATA ANALYSIS (Dec. 2003), available at http://www.lamberthconsulting.com/about-racial-profiling/documents/SanAntonioReport10804FinalVersion.pdf. 9. Id. at 9. 10. See U.S. DEPT. JUSTICE, FACT SHEET: RACIAL PROFILING (June 17, 2003), available at http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2003/June/racial_profiling_fact_sheet.pdf. 11. Funding for the conference was obtained from the SOROS Foundation. The conference was co-hosted by the Institute on Race and Justice at Northeastern University the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement, and Lamberth Consulting. There were 52 papers presented at the conference. Racial Profiling in the 21st Century: Implications for Racial Justice Search Results, United States Department of Justice, http://searchjustice.usdoj.gov/search?q=Racial+Profiling+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Implications+for+Racial+Justice &btnG.x=16&btnG.y=11&btnG=Search&sort=date%3AD%3AL%3Ad1&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=iso-88591&oe=UTF-8&client=default_frontend&proxystylesheet=default_frontend&site=default_collection (last visited April 14, 2011). 12. See AMESTY INTERNATIONAL U.S. DOMESTIC HUMAN RIGHTS PROGRAM, THREAT AND HUMILIATION: RACIAL PROFILING, NATIONAL SECURITY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES (Sept. 2004) available at http://www.amnestyusa.org/racial_profiling/report/rp_report.pdf.

nadvism sendment demanding more draconian measures against non-cidzens residing illegally in the United States, particularly towards immigrants of color.' The use of military language in describing immigradon raids conducted by homeland security,^ along with a growing number of nativist extremist groups,' set the backdrop for some and-immigrant groups to claim the existence of a Mexican invasion in the United States," Numerous immigration scholars have commented on the significance of costumes and props used by the Minutemen that reinforce the existence of an invasion—military fadgues, binoculars, bulletproof vests, walkie-talkies, and guns,^ Likewise, the use of federal agents armed with rifles and wearing bulletproof vests to raid homes, work sites, and shopping malls also suggests that immigradon is a threat to national security, Eurthermore, creadng the visible barrier of a wall between Mexico and the United States is an extremely significant political symbol. The large number of deportations conducted in recent years creates an economic, pohtical, and social environment that legitimizes

* Professor and Faculty Head of Justice and Social Inquiry, School of Social Transformation, Arizona State University. Mary Romero holds a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado in Sociology. ' See 2010 Ariz. Sess. Laws 113. ^ See generally U.S. IMMIGR. & CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT (Jan. 21, 2011), http://www.ice.

gov/index.htm (describing ICE National Fugitive Operations Campaign, Operation Return to Sender, and Operation Endgame). ' See, e.g.. W E HATE GRINGOS, http://www.WeHateGringos.com (last visited August 27, 2007) (on file with author) (a popular website which argued that the United States was being invaded by Mexico); see also Heidi Beirich et al., S. Poverty L. Ctr., The Nativists: Profiles of 20 Anti-Immigrant Leaders, 129 INTELLIGENCE REP. (2008), available at http://www.splcenter. org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2008/spring/the-nativists?page=0,4 (quoting Michelle Dallacroce's discussion of a Mexican invasion). '' See Mary Romero, "Go After the Women": Mothers Against Illegal Aliens' Campaign Against Mexican Immigrant Women and Their Children, 83 IND. L.J. 1355, 1387-88 (2008). ' See generally, Leo R. Chavez, Spectacle in the Desert: The Minuteman Project on the US-Mexico Border, in GLOBAL VIGILANTES 25 (David Pratten & Atreyee Sen eds., 2008); ROXANNE LYNN DOTY, THE LAW INTO THEIR OWN HANDS: IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF EXCEPTIONALISM ( 2 0 0 9 ) .